CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF IMPORTANT EVENTS THE REPUBLIC
509-264 B. c.
The conquest of Italy (Chap. IV)
The struggle between the patricians and plebeians Chap. V)
509 The consulship established
508 Treaty with Carthage
498 The dictatorship established
496 The Latins defeated at Lake Regillus
494 The plebeians secede to the Sacred Mount
493 The tribunate of the plebs established Treaty with the Latins
471 The concilium plebis established – The tribunes increased to ten
462 Bill proposed by Terentilius to publish the laws
451-449 The decemvirate and the twelve tables
449 The plebeians secede to the Sacred Mount The Valerio-Horatian laws
447 The comitia tributa established
445 The Canuleian marriage law
445-367 Struggle for the consulship; the consular tribunate
443 (or 435) The censorship established
The dates of the regal period and of the early republic are very
uncertain.
B. C. 421 Military quaestors chosen Plebeians eligible to first curule office, the quaestor-ship
405-396 War with Veii
382 Rome taken by the Gauls
377 The Licinian laws
366 A plebeian made consul Praetorship established Curule aedileship established Rise of the nobilitas
358 League with the Latins and Hernicans renewed
356 A plebeian made dictator
348 Treaty with Carthage
343-1 First Samnite war, so-called
340-338 Latin War, and dissolution of the Latin league
339 The Publilian laws
338 A plebeian made praetor Antium founded, first maritime colony
326 The proconsulship established
326-304 Second Samnite war
321 Roman army captured at the Caudine Pass
312-308 Reforms of Appius Claudius Caecus
312 The Via Appia and the Aqua Appia built
311 First duoviri navales appointed About
300 The Ovinian law
298-290 Third Samnite war
295 Battle of Sentinum
287 The Hortensian law
281-272 War with Tarentum and Pyrrhus
280 Battle of Heraclea
279 Battle of Asculum
275 Battle of Beneventum
Colonies planted in southern Italy
268 Silver coinage introduced
THE REPUBLIC 264-133 B. c.
The conquest of the Mediterranean Lands (Chap. VI) and its effect on Rome (Chap. VII)
264-241 First Punic war
263 Treaty with Hiero
260 Battle of Mylae
256 Battle off Ecnomus
Regulus besieges Carthage
249 Roman defeat at Drepana
247 Hamilcar Barcas commands in Sicily
341 Treaty made Sicily acquired
241 (7) Centuriate comitia reformed
240 Livius Andronicus brings out first Latin play
239 Birth of Ennius
238 Rome takes Sardinia and Corsica
238-222 Gallic wars
237 Hamilcar develops Spain
234 Birth of M. Porcius Cato
229-228 Ilyrian war
227 Number of praetors increased to four
219 Hannibal takes Saguntum
218-201 Second Punic war
218 Hannibal enters Italy Battles of the Ticinus and the Trebia
217 Battle of Lake Trasimene
216 Battle of Cannae
215 Alliance between Hannibal and Philip
215-205 First Macedonian war
212 Marcellus takes Syracuse
211-206 P. Cornelius Scipio subdues Spain
207 Battle of the Metaurus
204 Scipio crosses to Africa
202 Battle of Zama
201 Treaty made
200-Literary activity of Plautus
About 200 Cisalpine Gaul and Liguria Romanized
200-196 Second Macedonian war
197 Battle of Cynoscephalae
197 Provinces of Hither and Farther Spain established
196 Independence of Greece proclaimed
195 Cato’s unsuccessful defence of the Appian law against extravagance
192-189 War with Antiochus III
190 Battle of Magnesia, followed by treaty
171-167 Third Macedonian war
168 Battle of Pydna
159 Death of Terence
27 B. C. – A. D. 14 Reign of Augustus
17 B. c. Publication of the Aeneid
35-13 B. c. Literary activity of Horace
A. D. 139 Completion of Hadrian’s Mausoleum
161-180 Reign of Marcus Aurelius
162-166 War with Parthia
167-168 Italy ravaged by the plague
167-175 First war with the Marcomanni
177 Repression of Christianity by M. Aurelius begins
178-180 Second war with the Marcomanni
180-192 Reign of Commodus
193 Reigns of Pertinax and Julianus
THE EMPIRE
A. D. 193-337
From Septimius Severus to Constantine (Chap. XIXI)
193-311 Reign of Septimius Severus apinian, the jurist, flourishes
211-217 Reign of Caracalla
213 All freemen made Roman citizens
217-218 Reign of Macrinus
218-222 Reign of Elagabalus
222-235 Reign of Alexander Severus
235-238 Reign of Maximinus
238-244 Reign of Gordian
244-249 Reign of Philip
249-251 Reign of Decius
250 Severe treatment of the Christians
251-253 Reign of Gallus
253 Reign of Aemilianus
253-260 Reign of Valerian with his son Gallienus
253-268 Reign of Gallienus, for 7 years as his father’s coleague
260 Valerian made prisoner by the Persians
268-270 Reign of Claudius
270 Reign of Quintillus
270-275 Reign of Aurelian
272 Aurelian takes Palmyra
273 Aurelian receives the submission of Tetricus
275-276 Reign of Tacitus
276 Reign of Florianus
276-282 Reign of Probus
A. D. 282-284 Reign of Cams
384-305 Reign of Diocletian
286-305 Diocletian and Maximian rule as August
305-306 Constantius and Galerius colleagues
312 Galerius’s edict of toleration
306-324 Civil wars between aspirants for the throne
312 Battle at the Mulvian Bridge, and Constantine’s acceptance of Christianity
324-337 Constantine, sole emperor
325 The Council at Nicaea
330 Dedication of Constantinople as the imperial residence
THE EMPIRE
A. D. 337-476
The Barbarian Invasions and the Western World in the Fifth Century (Chap. XIV)
337-350 The successors of Constantine quarrel
351 Constantius defeats his rivals and becomes sole emperor
351-361 Reign of Constantius
355 Julian associated with him in the government
361-363 Julian reigns alone
363-364 Reign of Jovian
364-375 Valentinian emperor in the West
364-378 Valens emperor in the East
375 Valentinian II (375-392) and Gratian (375-383)
made rulers in the West
376 The Visigoths cross the Danube
378 Battle of Adrianople
379 Theodosius emperor in the East
383 Maximus (383-388) succeeds Gratian
392-394 Eugenius emperor in the West
394 Theodosius defeats Eugenius and becomes sole
emperor (394-395)
395 The Empire divided, never to be reunited
402 Alaric invades Italy
406 Vandals, Suevi, and Burgundians invade Gaul
410 Alaric takes Rome
A. D. 425 The Visigoths settle in Gaul and Spain
429 The Vandals invade Africa
440-461 Leo the Great, pope
443 The Burgundians occupy south-eastern Gaul
449 The Saxons invade Britain
451 Attila defeated at Chalons
455 The Vandals sack Rome
476 Romulus Augustulus, the last emperor in Rome, abdicates Odoacer called patrician of Italy by Eastern emperor
THE EMPIRE
A. D. 476-800
Reorganization of the Empire in the West (Chap. XV)
486 Clovis defeats the Romans at Soissons
493-553 The Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy, established by Theodoric
496 Clovis accepts Catholic Christianity
537-565 Justinian emperor in the East The Code compiled
533-534 Belisarius regains Africa
553 Italy restored to the Eastern empire
568 The Lombards invade Italy
590-604 Gregory the Great, pope The Christianization of Britain begins
610-641 Heraclius drives back the Persians
622 The Hegira
687 Pippin becomes ruler of all the Franks
711 The Mohammedans enter Spain
73a Battle of Poictiers
751 The Mayor of the Palace made king
768-814 Reign of Charlemagne
774 Charlemagne made king of the Lombards
772-803 Saxony conquered
787 Annexation of Bavaria
778-812 Conquest of northern Spain
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor at Rome